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| A version of the macOS operating system | |
| | |
| Screenshot of Mac Bone 10 Leopard. Note how the Dock and window designs are different from previous versions of Mac OS Ten. | |
| Programmer | Apple Inc. |
|---|---|
| Bone family | |
| Source model | Closed, with open up source components |
| Released to manufacturing | October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26) [2] |
| Latest release | 10.five.eight (Build 9L31a) [three] / Baronial xiii, 2009 (2009-08-13) [four] |
| Update method | Apple Software Update |
| Platforms | IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC |
| Kernel type | Hybrid (XNU) |
| License | Commercial proprietary software [v] with Apple Public Source License (APSL) |
| Preceded by | Mac OS X 10.iv Tiger |
| Succeeded by | Mac Os Ten ten.6 Snow Leopard |
| Official website | Apple tree tree - Mac Bone X Leopard at the Wayback Machine (archived May 28, 2009) |
| Support status | |
| Unsupported equally of nigh June 23, 2011, Safari back up and iTunes support terminated equally of 2012 as well. [6] [vii] | |
Mac OS X Leopard (version ten.5) is the 6th major release of macOS, Apple tree's desktop and server operating organisation for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on Oct 26, 2007 as the successor of Mac Os Ten 10.4 Tiger, and is bachelor in two editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. It retailed for $129 [ii] for the desktop version and $499 for Server. [viii] Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6) in 2009. Leopard is the final version of macOS to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.
Co-ordinate to Apple tree, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements compared to its predecessor, Mac Os 10 Tiger, [nine] covering cadre operating system components likewise as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent bill of fare bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Comprehend Period visual navigation interface start seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-chip graphical user interface applications, an automated fill up-in utility called Time Automobile, back up for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Forepart Row and Photograph Booth, which were previously included with but some Mac models.
Apple missed Leopard's release fourth dimension frame as originally announced past Apple's CEO Steve Jobs. When kickoff discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple tree intended to release Leopard at the stop of 2006 or early 2007. [10] A twelvemonth later, this was amended to Spring 2007; [11] nonetheless, on Apr 12, 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 considering of the evolution of the iPhone. [12]
New and changed features [ edit ]
Terminate-user features [ edit ]
Apple advertised that Mac Os X Leopard has 300+ new features, [9] including:
- A new and improved Automator , with like shooting fish in a barrel starting points to easily outset a workflow. Information technology as well tin tin rapidly create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. At present it tin can utilise a new action chosen "Watch Me Do" that lets you lot record a user action (like pressing a push button or decision-making an application without congenital-in Automator back up) and replay as an activeness in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with deportment for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
- Dorsum to My Mac , a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to admission files on their home computer while abroad from abode via the net.
- Kick Armed services campsite , a software assistant assuasive for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or afterward) or Windows Vista, on a divide partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
- Dashboard enhancements, including Spider web Clip, a feature that allows users to plough a part of whatever Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to assist developers code widgets. [13]
- New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new group feature called Stacks , which displays files in either a "fan" style, "grid" style, or (since x.5.two) a "list" style. Rory Prior, on the ThinkMac web log, criticized the shelf-like Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface. [fourteen]
- Dictionary tin now search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple tree tree terminology as well. Too included is the Japanese-linguistic advice dictionary Daijisen, Progressive Due due east-J and Progressive J-Eastward dictionaries, and the 25,000-give-and-take thesaurus Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten ( 使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 ), all of which are provided past the Japanese publisher Shogakukan. [fifteen] [9]
- A redesigned Finder , with features like to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Menstruum and a Source list-like sidebar.
- Forepart Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple tree Telly receiver.
- iCal agenda sharing and group scheduling equally well as syncing upshot invitations from Mail. [16] The icon too reflects the current appointment even when the awarding is not running. In previous versions of Mac Bone 10, the icon would evidence July 17 in the icon whatsoever fourth dimension the awarding was not running only the electric current appointment when the application was running.
- iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, animated icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features nowadays in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, assuasive users to contain images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are like to chroma keys, simply utilize a real-time deviation matte technique which does non require a greenish or blueish screen. iChat too implements screen sharing, a feature previously bachelor with Apple tree Remote Desktop. [xi] [17] [18]
- Post enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Jotter, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos employ a arrangement-broad service that is available to all applications. [19]
- Network file sharing improvements include more granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into i command console, and the ability to share private folders, a characteristic that had non been available since Mac OS nine. [20]
- Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on utilise of the Net and to set parental controls from anywhere using remote setup. [21]
- Photo Berth enhancements, including video recording with existent-time filters and blue/greenish-screen technology.
- Podcast Capture , an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires access to a computer running Mac Bone X Server with Podcast Producer.
- Preview adds back up for notation, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Alpha and size aligning tools. [22]
- Quick Look , a framework assuasive documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application and can preview it in total screen. [23] Plug-ins are available for Quick Look so that y'all tin can also view other files, such equally Installer Packages.
- Safari three, which includes Spider web Clip.
- Spaces , an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with sure applications and windows in each desktop. [24] Users tin can organize certain Spaces for sure applications (e.g., one for work-related tasks and 1 for entertainment) and switch between them. Exposé works within Spaces, allowing the user to run across at a glance all desktops on one screen. [25] ) Users can create and control up to xvi spaces, and applications can be switched betwixt each one, creating a very large workspace. The auto-switching characteristic in Spaces has bellyaching some of its users. Apple tree tree added a new preference in 10.v.2 which disabled this feature, simply at that place were still bugs constitute while switching windows. In 10.5.three, this trouble was addressed and was no longer an issue. [26]
- Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, besides as the ability to search other computers (with advisable permissions). [27]
- Fourth dimension Machine , an automatic backup utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced by another version of a file. [28] Though generally lauded in the printing as a pace forrard for data recovery, Time Machine has been criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of third-political party backup software. Analyzing the characteristic for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Quaternary dimension Motorcar does not create bootable copies of backed-up volumes, does not support to AirPort Deejay hard drives and will not back upwardly FileVault encrypted home directories until the user logs out, last that the feature is "pretty practiced at what it does" just he will but use it as part of a "broader backup strategy". [29] [30] [31] One of these bug has been resolved, however; On March nineteen, 2008, updates were released for Airdrome and Fourth dimension Motorcar, allowing for Time Machine to use a USB hd which has been connected to an AirPort Extreme Base of operations Station. [32]
- Universal Access enhancements: meaning improvements to applications including VoiceOver, forth with increased back up for Braille, closed captioning and a new high‐quality Voice communication synthesis phonation. [33]
- Many changes to the user interface , such every bit a transparent carte du jour bar, new icons, and a 3D Dock. Equally well as this, the Apple icon is now blackness instead of blue. R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard'southward user interface, including the transparent bill of fare bar and the new binder icons. [14] Decreased transparency of the carte bar, forth with the ability to disable the bill of fare bar transparency were added with the 10.five.2 release on Feb eleven, 2008. [34]
- Russian language support, bringing the total to eighteen languages. [35]
- Leopard removes back up for Archetype applications. [36]
- Introduced the Alex voice to VoiceOver .
Developer technologies [ edit ]
- Native support past many libraries and frameworks for 64-chip applications, allowing 64-fleck Cocoa applications. Existing 32-scrap applications using those libraries and frameworks should proceed to run without the need for emulation or translation. [37]
- Leopard offers the Objective-C 2.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode iii.0 supports the updated linguistic advice and was itself rewritten with it. [38]
- A new framework, Cadre Blitheness, allows a programmer to create complex animations while specifying merely a "start" and a "goal" infinite. The main goal of Cadre Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with minor amounts of program code.
- Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris projection and adds a graphical interface chosen Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers tin apply to melody the operation of the operating system and the applications that run on data technology. [39]
- The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to use Python two.5 and Cherry i.8.6 to interface with the Cocoa frameworks. [twoscore]
- Blood-scarlet on Rail is included in the default install.
- Leopard'southward OpenGL stack has been updated to version 2.i, and uses LLVM to increase its vertex processing speed. [41] Apple tree has been working to become LLVM integrated into GCC; [42] LLVM'southward utilise inside other operating arrangement facilities has not been announced.
- The Graphics and Media State of the Matrimony address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as live desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
- The
FSEventsframework allows applications to register for notifications of changes to a given directory tree. [43] - Leopard includes a read-merely implementation of the ZFS file organisation.
-
- In mid-December 2006, a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include support for Dominicus'due due south ZFS. [44] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Dominicus Microsystems, boasted on June half dozen, 2007, that ZFS had go "the file system" for Leopard. [45] Nonetheless, the senior project marketing director for Mac Os X stated on June xi, 2007, that the existing HFS+, not ZFS, would exist used in Leopard. Apple later on clarified that a read-merely version of ZFS would exist included. [46]
- Leopard includes drivers for UDF two.5, necessary for reading Hard disk drive DVD and Blu-ray discs using tertiary-party drives, just the included DVD Player software tin but play Hd DVDs authored past DVD Studio Pro. [47]
- Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.1000. textual) data.
- Leopard is the showtime operating system with open source BSD lawmaking to be certified every bit fully UNIX-compliant. [48] [49] Certification ways that software following the Single UNIX Specification tin be compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any code modification. [twoscore] The certification but applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors. [49]
- Leopard includes J2SE v.0. [50]
Security enhancements [ edit ]
New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from existence successful in the first place.
- Library Randomization
- Leopard implements library randomization, [9] which randomizes the locations of some libraries in retentiveness. Vulnerabilities that corrupt programme retention ofttimes rely on known addresses for these library routines, which let injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address space layout randomization at a later appointment.
- Application Layer Firewall
- Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was nowadays in before releases of Mac Os X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Dissimilar IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams earlier the kernel performs significant processing, the Awarding Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, spring to individual processes. The Awarding Layer Firewall can can therefore make filtering decisions on a per-application basis. Of the two firewall engines, but the Awarding Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less control over individual package decisions (users tin decide to let or deny connections organization-wide or to individual applications, just must apply IPFW to gear up fine-grained TCP/IP header-level policies). Information engineering too makes several policy exceptions for organisation processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered. [51]
- Sandboxes
- Leopard includes kernel-level support for role-based access command (RBAC). RBAC is intended to prevent, for instance, an application similar Postal service from editing the password database.
- Application Signing
- Leopard provides a framework to utilize public fundamental signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has non been tampered with. Signatures can too be used to ensure that i plan replacing another is truly an "update", and carry any special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user beingness trained to simply clicking "OK" to everything.
- Secure Invitee Business organisation relationship
- Guests tin tin can be given admission to a Leopard organization with an business organisation human relationship that the organization erases and resets at logout. [52]
Security features in Leopard take been criticized equally weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to assault fifty-fifty when the firewall was re-enabled. [53] [54] Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization characteristic added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest business relationship" could be abused past Guests to retain access to the arrangement l-fifty after the Leopard log out process erased their habitation directory. [55] [56]
Organization requirements [ edit ]
Apple tree states the following basic Leopard arrangement requirements, although, for some specific applications and features (such every bit iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required: [57]
- Processor: whatever Intel processor, or PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster) processor
- Optical bulldoze: internal or external DVD drive (for installation of the operating system)
- Memory: minimum 512 MB of RAM (additional RAM (1 GB) is recommended for development purposes)
- Hard drive capacity: Minimum 9 GB of deejay infinite bachelor.
Leopard's retail version was not released in split up versions for each blazon of processor, only instead consisted of ane universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors. [37] Even and so, the install discs that ship with Intel-based Macs simply comprise Intel binaries.[ citation needed ]
Processor type and speed are checked during installation and installation halted if bereft; yet, Leopard will run on slower G4 processor machines (e.yard., a 733 MHz Quicksilver) if the installation is performed on a supported Mac and its hard drive then moved to a slower/unsupported 1 (the drive may either exist an internal mechanism or a Firewire external).[ citation needed ]
Supported machines [ edit ]
Leopard can run on the after apartment-panel iMac G4s, the iMac G5, iMac Intel Core Duo and iMac Intel Cadre 2 Duo, PowerBook G4, Ability Mac G4, Ability Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and later on eMac models. Leopard tin can run on older hardware as long as they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867 MHz or faster, have at to the lowest degree 9 GB free of difficult drive space, 512 MB RAM and have a DVD bulldoze. Leopard nevertheless will not run on the 900 MHz iBook G3 models even though they exceed the minimum 867 MHz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec support in the G3 line of processors. Leopard can exist "hacked" (meet below) to install on these G3 and pre-867 MHz G4 machines but the organization may acquit erratically and many of the programs, features, and functions may not piece of work properly or at all. As of mid-2010, some Apple computers have firmware manufacturing plant installed which will no longer allow installation of Mac OS X Leopard. These computers but allow installation of Mac Os X Snowfall Leopard.[ citation needed ] However, some computers (such as the 2011 model of the Mac mini) can accept Leopard installed on them without hacking.[ citation needed ]
Usage on unsupported hardware [ edit ]
Some means of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, have been discovered. A mutual style is use of the programme LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader like in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing before releases of Mac Bone 10 on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac'due south Open up Firmware to tell Leopard that the car does accept a CPU meeting the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is immune to embark, when in reality the CPU is slower. [58] Currently, LeopardAssist only runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines.
Users who accept admission to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported auto and and then merely moved the hard drive to the unsupported auto. Alternatively, the Leopard Installation DVD was booted on a supported Mac, and so installed on an unsupported Mac via Firewire Target Deejay Fashion. Leopard is merely compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, besides equally Intel, then both of these methods volition but piece of work on Macs with G4 or later CPUs. While some of the before beta releases were fabricated to run on some later G3 machines (generally later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some afterwards iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.
For a number of months after Leopard's release information technology appeared that the simply G3 Macs on which Leopard could exist run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics menu, equally failures with the OS partially booting earlier crashing were reported on older Macs such every bit the original tray-loading iMacs and the Biscuit and Blueish & White Ability Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades as Leopard will not even brainstorm to load without one) whereas it would boot fine on newer Macs where the Installer brake had been circumvented. Withal, more recently information technology has been reported [59] [60] that with some more piece of work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the Bone can be fabricated to run on G4-upgraded Macs as old as the Power Macintosh 9500, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard tin be run on any Mac with a G4 or later processor, some functionality such every fleck Front Row or Fourth dimension Automobile fails to work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics card, which many of the earlier G4s did not include in their manufactory specification.
Since Apple moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 community has adult and now also allows Mac Os ten Tiger and after releases to be installed and run successfully on not-Apple x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple's licensing understanding for Mac Os X.
Packaging [ edit ]
The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later copies of Tiger as well came in the new smaller box). It also includes a lenticular cover, making the X announced to float to a higher place a royal galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper. [61]
Release history [ edit ]
| Version | Build | Engagement | Bone name | Notes | Download |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.five | 9A581 | October 26, 2007 | Darwin ix.0 xnu-1228~ane | Original retail DVD release | Due north/A |
| 10.5.i | 9B18 | November 15, 2007 | Darwin ix.i xnu-1228.0.ii~1 | About the Mac OS 10 10.5.1 Update; Second retail DVD release | Mac OS X x.v.1 Update |
| 9B2117 | December fourteen, 2007 | Darwin nine.ane.1 | Forked build for Early 2008 Mac Pro and Xserve | ||
| 10.five.ii | 9C31 | February 11, 2008 | Darwin nine.2 xnu-1228.3.xiii~i | Well-most the Mac Bone X 10.v.two Update | Mac Bone 10 10.five.2 Combo Update |
| 9C7010 | Darwin ix.2 | ||||
| 10.v.3 | 9D34 | May 28, 2008 | Darwin 9.iii xnu-1228.five.xviii~1 | About the Mac Os X x.v.iii Update | Mac Os X 10.5.3 Update |
| 10.5.4 | 9E17 | June xxx, 2008 | Darwin 9.4 xnu-1228.5.20~ane | Well-nigh the Mac Bone X ten.five.4 update; Third retail DVD release | Mac OS Ten x.5.4 Update |
| x.v.v | 9F33 | September 15, 2008 | Darwin 9.5 1228.7.58~ane | Almost the Mac Bone Ten 10.five.five Update | Mac Os Ten x.five.5 Update |
| ten.5.vi | 9G55 | December 15, 2008 | Darwin ix.vi | Almost the Mac OS Ten x.v.half dozen Update | Mac Os X ten.five.half-dozen Update |
| 9G66 | Jan 6, 2009 | Fourth retail DVD release (part of Mac Box Set) | North/A | ||
| 9G71 | Northward/A | Darwin nine.six xnu-1228.9.59~1 | N/A | ||
| 10.five.7 | 9J61 | May 12, 2009 | Darwin 9.7 xnu-1228.12.xiv~ane | Almost the Mac OS Ten x.5.7 Update | Mac Os Ten 10.v.7 Update |
| 10.v.eight | 9L30 | August 5, 2009 | Darwin nine.eight | Virtually the Mac OS 10 10.5.8 Update | Mac Os Ten x.v.8 Update |
| 9L34 | August 31, 2009 | Darwin ix.8 xnu-1228.xv.four~ane | Mac Bone X Server 10.5.8 Update v.1.1 | North/A | |
Compatibility [ edit ]
After Leopard's release, there were widely reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during kick on the blueish screen that appears merely before the login process starts. [62] Apple attributed these bug to an outdated version of an unsupported improver extension called Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which had been incompatible with Leopard. Some users were unaware that APE had been silently installed during installation of Logitech mouse drivers. However, just the users who did not have the latest version of APE installed (two.0.3 at that time) were afflicted. [63] Apple tree published a cognition base commodity on how to solve this problem. [64]
Google appear that the Chrome browser will be dropping back upward for Leopard starting with Chrome 21. By that fourth dimension Chrome volition no longer auto-update, and new Chrome installations are not allowed. Their rationale for removal of back up is that Leopard is an "OS X version as well no longer existence updated by Apple tree." [65]
Firefox as well dropped support for Leopard afterward information technology shipped Firefox 16 in October 2012. [66] TenFourFox is a port of Firefox for the PPC compages, released later Firefox dropped support for Leopard.
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